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Sweep & Suction
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Cordless & Stick Vacuums

The best vacuums for stairs

Stairs are the dirtiest surface in a two-story house and the one every full-size vacuum is worst at. The deciding number is not suction. It is how many pounds end up in your hand.

By Scooter M. · Published September 13, 2026

Everyone in this category says they tested twenty vacuums. We have not tested any, and we say so. What we do instead is read the manuals, compile the published specifications, and work out what each machine costs to run for three years — the method is written out in full.

We earn a commission if you buy through the links on this page, at no extra cost to you. It never changes what we recommend or the order we recommend it in. Full disclosure.

The short answer: the Eureka Whirlwind NEN110A canister. On stairs the question is not how much the machine weighs, it is how much of it you have to hold — and a canister keeps its 8.2 lb body sitting on a tread while only a telescoping metal wand goes in your hand. It also publishes 960 watts and a 2.5-liter bin, so it is not a compromise machine elsewhere. If you would rather have a detachable pod than a hose, the Shark ZD201 lifts away from its upright body. If you want the lightest thing here, the Vacmaster VSD1001 is 4.4 lb.

Why stairs defeat almost every vacuum

A staircase is a series of small horizontal surfaces at heights between your knees and your head, with vertical faces between them, edges on both sides, and nowhere to set anything down. A full-size upright solves none of that. It is designed to stand on a flat floor and be pushed — which is why the published weights matter so much more here than anywhere else on this site.

There are only four honest designs for this job. A canister, where the body stays put and you carry a wand. A detachable pod (Shark calls it Lift-Away), where the motor and bin come off the upright frame and hang from a strap. A light corded stick, where the whole machine is small enough that carrying it is not the problem. And a handheld, where you accept a small bin in exchange for the lightest possible tool. Every machine below is one of those four.

What we looked at

  • Weight you actually carry, which is not always the machine's weight. A canister publishes 8.2 lb but you hold a wand; an upright publishes 12.9 lb and you hold all of it unless the pod detaches.
  • Whether the body detaches or stays down. This is the single biggest differentiator on this page and it splits the field cleanly in two.
  • Published above-floor reach — hose length, wand extension, cord length. A machine that reaches the top of the stairs from a plug at the bottom is a different experience from one you re-plug twice.
  • Corded or cordless. Stairs are a short job, so a battery is rarely the limit; but a cord you have to re-route mid-flight is a real annoyance, and so is a machine that died on the landing.
  • Bin size relative to the job. Stairs hold a lot of grit for their area. The published cups here span 0.1 quarts to 2.5 liters.
  • Tool set. A stair tread wants a narrow powered or crevice tool, not a full-width floor head. We noted what each machine publishes as included.

The four designs, and who each suits

Every figure is the manufacturer's own published number.
MachineDesignPublished weightWhat you actually hold
Eureka Whirlwind NEN110ACanister8.2 lbA telescoping metal wand
Shark ZD201Upright with Lift-Away pod12.9 lbThe detached pod, on a strap
Shark Rocket Pet Plus HV322Corded stick8.6 lbThe whole machine, but it is slim
Tineco A30SCordless stick5.3 lbThe whole machine
Eureka AirSpeed NEU10AE4Upright7.7 lbAll 7.7 lb, every step
Levoit Anti-TangleCordless stick6.2 lbThe whole machine, or just the handheld
Shark UltraCyclone CH951Handheld2.8 lb as stated by SharkA handheld only
Vacmaster VSD10012-in-1 cordless4.4 lbThe whole machine, or just the handheld

Shark publishes 2.8 lb for the CH951 in its feature copy while the same listing's item weight field says 3.8 lb. We report both rather than picking the flattering one.

#ProductBest forScorePrice
01Eureka Whirlwind Bagless Canister (NEN110A)Eureka Whirlwind Bagless Canister (NEN110A)960 W, a 2.5-liter bin, automatic cord rewind and washable filters — the canister case, made cheaply and made honestly.Best canister under $1208.4out of 10
$71.99 · View on Amazon

$79.9910% off

#ad Price as of October 17, 2026. How we are funded

02Shark Lift-Away Upright with PowerFins (ZD201)Shark Lift-Away Upright with PowerFins (ZD201)The only upright on this site that publishes both a self-cleaning brushroll and a filtration figure with the test standard attached.Best anti-hair-wrap upright8.3out of 10
$299.99 · View on Amazon

#ad Price as of October 17, 2026. How we are funded

03Shark Rocket Pet Plus Corded Stick (HV322)Shark Rocket Pet Plus Corded Stick (HV322)Under 10 lb, 500 W, corded, with a low-profile head that actually fits under furniture — the hardwood answer that never needs charging.Best for hardwood8.1out of 10
$199.99 · View on Amazon

#ad Price as of October 17, 2026. How we are funded

04Tineco A30S Cordless VacuumTineco A30S Cordless VacuumSixty minutes on the crevice tool and forty with the powered head, published separately — and 67 dB, which is the quietest figure on this page.Longest published runtime8.0out of 10
$149.90 · View on Amazon

$229.0035% off

#ad Price as of October 17, 2026. How we are funded

05Eureka AirSpeed Ultra-Lightweight (NEU10AE4)Eureka AirSpeed Ultra-Lightweight (NEU10AE4)7.7 lb with a 10.5-inch path and a washable filter — the upright to buy if lifting is the problem you are solving.Lightest corded upright8.0out of 10
$69.99 · View on Amazon

#ad Price as of October 17, 2026. How we are funded

06Levoit Anti-Tangle Cordless VacuumLevoit Anti-Tangle Cordless VacuumThe only listing in this price band that publishes runtime three ways instead of quoting the flattering number and hoping you do not ask.Best published runtime detail7.7out of 10
$139.94 · View on Amazon

$199.9930% off

#ad Price as of October 17, 2026. How we are funded

07Shark UltraCyclone Pet Pro Plus Cordless Hand Vacuum (CH951)Shark UltraCyclone Pet Pro Plus Cordless Hand Vacuum (CH951)A self-cleaning pet power brush and a two-year warranty from the brand that dominates this shelf, sold with a ten-minute battery you have to plan around.Best for ground-in pet hair7.0out of 10
Out of stock on Amazon

Amazon listed this as out of stock on our last check. We have left it in the ranking because the machine is still worth the recommendation — but do not expect to buy it today.

#ad Price as of October 17, 2026. How we are funded

08Vacmaster VSD1001 10.8V 2-in-1 CordlessVacmaster VSD1001 10.8V 2-in-1 CordlessA 24-minute, 10.8 V machine that does not pretend to be anything else — which at the bottom of the market is the rarest feature of all.Cheapest that is still a real vacuum6.4out of 10
$69.99 · View on Amazon

#ad Price as of October 17, 2026. How we are funded

Ranked by our published rubric. For stairs specifically, read the weight figure on each card first — it is the specification that decides whether the machine gets used on the stairs at all.

Eureka Whirlwind Bagless Canister (NEN110A)

01 · Best canister under $120

Eureka Whirlwind Bagless Canister (NEN110A)

960 W, a 2.5-liter bin, automatic cord rewind and washable filters — the canister case, made cheaply and made honestly.

$71.99 · View on Amazon

$79.9910% off

#ad Price as of October 17, 2026. How we are funded

Published specifications

Motor
960 watts
Weight
8.2 lb
Dust container
2.5 liters
Filtration
HEPA, washable
Rated noise
82 dB
Cord
Automatic rewind
Wand
Telescoping metal wand with integrated crevice tool

Every figure above is the manufacturer's own published number. Where a manufacturer publishes nothing, the row says "Not published" rather than an estimate.

What the numbers say

  • 2.5-liter bin and washable HEPA — no bags, no filter bills
  • The body stays on the floor, so stairs and above-floor work are far easier than with an upright
  • Automatic cord rewind, which is a small luxury that is missing at this price everywhere else

Where it stops

  • No powered brushroll, so deep pile carpet is not its job
  • Dragging a canister around furniture annoys some people permanently
  • 82 dB

Who it is for

Hard floors, stairs, cars and upholstery — the classic canister case.

Skip it if

Wall-to-wall carpet is your main floor. Suction alone does not agitate pile; you want a driven brushroll.

Our score: 8.4 out of 10

Published power8.5
Runtime10.0
Bin and filtration8.5
Weight and handling7.0
Running cost9.5

Scored against the published rubric on How We Pick. These are judgments about spec sheets, not measurements.

Shark Lift-Away Upright with PowerFins (ZD201)

02 · Best anti-hair-wrap upright

Shark Lift-Away Upright with PowerFins (ZD201)

The only upright on this site that publishes both a self-cleaning brushroll and a filtration figure with the test standard attached.

$299.99 · View on Amazon

#ad Price as of October 17, 2026. How we are funded

Published specifications

Motor
800 watts
Weight
12.9 lb
Dust cup
0.8 quarts
Brushroll
PowerFins, self-cleaning, published as no hair wrap versus Shark's own bristle brushrolls
Filtration
Anti-Allergen Complete Seal with HEPA, rated to trap 99.99% of dust and allergens at 0.3 microns or larger, based on ASTM F1977
Lift-Away
Detachable pod for stairs and above-floor work
Runtime
Unlimited — corded
Rated noise
Not published

Every figure above is the manufacturer's own published number. Where a manufacturer publishes nothing, the row says "Not published" rather than an estimate.

What the numbers say

  • Publishes 99.99% at 0.3 microns AND names ASTM F1977 behind it, which almost nothing in this price band does
  • Self-cleaning PowerFins brushroll is the specification that stops you cutting hair off a roller every two weeks
  • Lift-Away pod covers stairs, the job uprights are worst at

Where it stops

  • 0.8 quarts is the smallest bin of any upright on this page
  • 800 watts, against 1,200 on both the Shark Navigator and the Hoover WindTunnel
  • No published noise rating, so it cannot be compared on the one figure most uprights do publish

Who it is for

Carpeted homes with long-haired pets and someone in the house who reacts to dust, where the two published claims here are both load-bearing.

Skip it if

Nothing sheds in your house. The self-cleaning brushroll is most of what you are paying for over the cheaper Navigator, and on a pet-free carpet it earns nothing.

Our score: 8.3 out of 10

Published power8.5
Runtime10.0
Bin and filtration8.5
Weight and handling5.5
Running cost9.0

Scored against the published rubric on How We Pick. These are judgments about spec sheets, not measurements.

Shark Rocket Pet Plus Corded Stick (HV322)

03 · Best for hardwood

Shark Rocket Pet Plus Corded Stick (HV322)

Under 10 lb, 500 W, corded, with a low-profile head that actually fits under furniture — the hardwood answer that never needs charging.

$199.99 · View on Amazon

#ad Price as of October 17, 2026. How we are funded

Published specifications

Motor
500 watts
Weight
8.6 lb
Dust cup
0.68 quarts
Filtration
Foam filter
Rated noise
80 dB
Head
Slim low-profile nozzle with LED headlights
Runtime
Unlimited — corded

Every figure above is the manufacturer's own published number. Where a manufacturer publishes nothing, the row says "Not published" rather than an estimate.

What the numbers say

  • 500 W of constant power on hard floors, with none of the fade a battery gives you at minute 30
  • Converts to a handheld and clips into freestanding storage
  • Low-profile head reaches under couches that a full upright cannot

Where it stops

  • Foam filter, not HEPA
  • 0.68-quart cup
  • The cord is the whole compromise and there is no getting around it

Who it is for

Hardwood, tile and LVP homes with rugs, where constant suction matters more than cordless freedom.

Skip it if

Deep pile carpet is your main surface. A 500 W stick is not a substitute for a proper upright on thick pile.

Our score: 8.1 out of 10

Published power8.0
Runtime10.0
Bin and filtration5.5
Weight and handling7.5
Running cost9.5

Scored against the published rubric on How We Pick. These are judgments about spec sheets, not measurements.

Tineco A30S Cordless Vacuum

04 · Longest published runtime

Tineco A30S Cordless Vacuum

Sixty minutes on the crevice tool and forty with the powered head, published separately — and 67 dB, which is the quietest figure on this page.

$149.90 · View on Amazon

$229.0035% off

#ad Price as of October 17, 2026. How we are funded

Published specifications

Rated runtime
Up to 60 minutes with the 2-in-1 crevice brush; 40 minutes with the ZeroTangle brush
Suction
160 W suction, manufacturer-stated
Weight
5.3 lb
Dust cup
1 liter
Filtration
HEPA
Rated noise
67.1 dB
Brushroll
ZeroTangle
First charge
4-5 hours before first use, manufacturer-stated

Every figure above is the manufacturer's own published number. Where a manufacturer publishes nothing, the row says "Not published" rather than an estimate.

What the numbers say

  • Publishes a suction figure (160 W) at all, which most of this price band refuses to do
  • 1-liter bin, 5.3 lb, and the runtime split is stated by tool
  • 67.1 dB rated — around 13 dB below the Shark line, which is a large perceived difference

Where it stops

  • Tineco's spare parts network is thinner than Shark's or Bissell's
  • The 60-minute headline is the crevice-tool figure; the number that matters is 40
  • No stated battery-cycle rating, so battery life over years is unknowable from the sheet

Who it is for

Apartments and shared walls, where 67 dB versus 80 dB is the difference between cleaning at 9pm and not.

Skip it if

You want to buy replacement parts at a big-box store in three years. Shark and Bissell consumables are on shelves; Tineco's mostly are not.

Our score: 8.0 out of 10

Published power7.5
Runtime8.5
Bin and filtration8.5
Weight and handling9.0
Running cost6.5

Scored against the published rubric on How We Pick. These are judgments about spec sheets, not measurements.

Eureka AirSpeed Ultra-Lightweight (NEU10AE4)

05 · Lightest corded upright

Eureka AirSpeed Ultra-Lightweight (NEU10AE4)

7.7 lb with a 10.5-inch path and a washable filter — the upright to buy if lifting is the problem you are solving.

$69.99 · View on Amazon

#ad Price as of October 17, 2026. How we are funded

Published specifications

Motor
720 watts
Weight
7.7 lb
Dust cup
1.7 liters
Cleaning path
10.5 inches
Filter
One washable filter, no replacement cost
Rated noise
90 dB
Runtime
Unlimited — corded

Every figure above is the manufacturer's own published number. Where a manufacturer publishes nothing, the row says "Not published" rather than an estimate.

What the numbers say

  • 7.7 lb for a corded upright is genuinely unusual
  • Washable filter means a running cost of zero
  • 1.7-liter bin despite the weight

Where it stops

  • 90 dB is the loudest figure published on this site
  • 720 W is modest for deep pile
  • Foam filtration only

Who it is for

Multi-story homes, older buyers, and anyone who has to carry the vacuum up stairs regularly.

Skip it if

Noise matters to you at all. At 90 dB this is a machine you clean around other people's schedules.

Our score: 8.0 out of 10

Published power7.0
Runtime10.0
Bin and filtration6.5
Weight and handling8.5
Running cost9.5

Scored against the published rubric on How We Pick. These are judgments about spec sheets, not measurements.

Levoit Anti-Tangle Cordless Vacuum

06 · Best published runtime detail

Levoit Anti-Tangle Cordless Vacuum

The only listing in this price band that publishes runtime three ways instead of quoting the flattering number and hoping you do not ask.

$139.94 · View on Amazon

$199.9930% off

#ad Price as of October 17, 2026. How we are funded

Published specifications

Rated runtime
Up to 50 minutes in Eco with the crevice or pet tool; 30 minutes with the powered floor head; 12 minutes in Turbo
Motor
180 watts
Battery
22.2 V
Weight
6.2 lb
Dust cup
0.75 liters
Filtration
5-stage, rated to capture 99.9% of particles down to 0.3 microns, tested per ASTM F1977-22
Filter replacement interval
Every 3 months, manufacturer-stated
Suction in air watts or Pa
Not published

Every figure above is the manufacturer's own published number. Where a manufacturer publishes nothing, the row says "Not published" rather than an estimate.

What the numbers say

  • Publishes runtime by mode and by tool, which is the honest way to state it and almost nobody does
  • 6.2 lb, the lightest full-size stick here
  • Lies flat at 180 degrees to get under furniture
  • Names its filtration test standard (ASTM F1977-22) instead of claiming a bare percentage

Where it stops

  • 12 minutes in Turbo is the real number for deep carpet work and it is short
  • Manufacturer-stated 3-month filter interval is the shortest here, and that is a running cost
  • Explicitly dry-messes only

Who it is for

Hard floors and rugs, someone who wants the lightest machine and reads the footnotes.

Skip it if

You have deep pile carpet throughout. Twelve minutes of Turbo will not finish a carpeted house, and running it in Eco on pile is not deep cleaning.

Our score: 7.7 out of 10

Published power6.5
Runtime8.0
Bin and filtration8.5
Weight and handling9.0
Running cost6.5

Scored against the published rubric on How We Pick. These are judgments about spec sheets, not measurements.

Shark UltraCyclone Pet Pro Plus Cordless Hand Vacuum (CH951)

07 · Best for ground-in pet hair

Shark UltraCyclone Pet Pro Plus Cordless Hand Vacuum (CH951)

A self-cleaning pet power brush and a two-year warranty from the brand that dominates this shelf, sold with a ten-minute battery you have to plan around.

Out of stock on Amazon

Amazon listed this as out of stock on our last check. We have left it in the ranking because the machine is still worth the recommendation — but do not expect to buy it today.

#ad Price as of October 17, 2026. How we are funded

Published specifications

Rated runtime
10 minutes
Battery
10.8 V lithium-ion
Motor
80 watts
Weight
2.8 lb as stated by Shark; the same listing's item weight field says 3.8 lb
Agitation
Detachable self-cleaning pet power brush, plus crevice and scrubbing brushes
Dust cup
Published as 0.1 quarts in the specification table, which does not match the model's own XL dust cup naming
Filtration
Washable filter. No HEPA claim and no test standard published
Rated noise
80 dB
Charge time
240 minutes
Warranty
2-year limited

Every figure above is the manufacturer's own published number. Where a manufacturer publishes nothing, the row says "Not published" rather than an estimate.

What the numbers say

  • The self-cleaning pet power brush is a driven brush you do not have to cut hair off, which is the specification that matters in a dog's car
  • Two-year warranty, matched here only by Black+Decker, from a brand that still sells parts for old models
  • Two cyclonic air streams are published as protecting filter and motor life, which is a durability claim rather than a suction claim

Where it stops

  • Ten minutes of runtime against a four-hour charge is the worst ratio on this page
  • The published 0.1-quart dust cup contradicts the XL dust cup in the model's own name, and Shark publishes no figure that resolves it
  • No suction figure in any unit, so it cannot be compared numerically with anything

Who it is for

A car that carries a shedding animal, cleaned in short bursts rather than in one long session.

Skip it if

You are cleaning a whole car in one go. Ten minutes covers a front footwell and a seat, not a family SUV, and there is no second battery to swap in.

Our score: 7.0 out of 10

Published power7.5
Runtime5.5
Bin and filtration5.5
In-car handling8.0
Running cost8.5

Scored against the published rubric on How We Pick. These are judgments about spec sheets, not measurements.

Vacmaster VSD1001 10.8V 2-in-1 Cordless

08 · Cheapest that is still a real vacuum

Vacmaster VSD1001 10.8V 2-in-1 Cordless

A 24-minute, 10.8 V machine that does not pretend to be anything else — which at the bottom of the market is the rarest feature of all.

$69.99 · View on Amazon

#ad Price as of October 17, 2026. How we are funded

Published specifications

Rated runtime
24 minutes
Battery
10.8 V lithium-ion
Weight
4.4 lb
Dust cup
0.6 liters
Filtration
HEPA
Speeds
2-speed power control
Suction in air watts or Pa
Not published

Every figure above is the manufacturer's own published number. Where a manufacturer publishes nothing, the row says "Not published" rather than an estimate.

What the numbers say

  • 4.4 lb and self-standing with a foldable handle
  • Honest 24-minute claim rather than a 70-minute headline on the lowest setting
  • Converts to a hand vac for cars

Where it stops

  • 10.8 V is half the voltage of the Shark and Tineco machines and it will show on carpet
  • 24 minutes is a room or two, not a house
  • No published suction figure of any kind

Who it is for

Studios, dorm rooms, cars, and as a second vacuum that lives upstairs.

Skip it if

Carpet is more than about a third of your floor. This is a hard-floor and quick-cleanup machine and it will disappoint on pile.

Our score: 6.4 out of 10

Published power4.0
Runtime4.5
Bin and filtration7.0
Weight and handling9.0
Running cost8.5

Scored against the published rubric on How We Pick. These are judgments about spec sheets, not measurements.

The one to skip

Skip the Eureka AirSpeed NEU10AE4 for stairs, despite it being the lightest upright here. 7.7 lb sounds like the answer until you notice that an upright gives you no way to put any of it down: there is no detachable pod and no hose long enough to leave the body at the bottom. You carry all 7.7 lb up every tread while trying to angle a full-width floor head onto a surface narrower than the head. It is a genuinely good cheap upright for flat floors — it is on this page so we can say plainly that lightness alone does not solve stairs.

And a caution on the handheld: the Shark CH951 is the easiest thing here to carry and the hardest to finish a staircase with. Shark publishes 10 minutes of runtime against a 240-minute charge, and a published dust cup figure of 0.1 quarts that contradicts the model's own XL dust cup naming. For one tread and a landing it is perfect. For fourteen stairs and a hallway it is the wrong tool.

Corded or cordless for stairs?

Cordless wins more often here than anywhere else on this site, and for once it is not about the battery. Stairs are a five-minute job — no cordless machine on this page is going to run out — and dragging a cord up a flight while balancing a machine is the specific thing people describe when they say they stopped vacuuming the stairs. The published runtimes are all far longer than the job.

The counter-argument is reach and power on the way back down. The corded machines here publish 500 to 960 watts against 160 to 181 on the cordless sticks, and a corded machine does the stairs, then the hallway, then the landing without a thought. If the stairs are part of a larger clean rather than their own chore, corded still wins. Cordless versus corded works the full arithmetic.

What we cannot tell you

How any of these feels balanced on a stair tread, which is the thing that actually decides whether you keep using it. Nobody publishes a figure for that, no two staircases are the same width, and we have not carried any of these machines up one. What we can do is match the published design and weight to the job, which rules out most of the wrong answers before you spend anything. Our method page is explicit about where that stops.

How to choose in one paragraph

If the stairs are carpeted and part of a whole-house clean, buy the Eureka Whirlwind and let the body sit while you work. If you already want an upright for the floors and the stairs are the compromise, buy the Shark ZD201 so the pod comes off. If your house is mostly hard floor, the slim Shark HV322 at 8.6 lb corded is the easiest full-size machine here to carry. If you want the lightest real vacuum, the Vacmaster VSD1001 is 4.4 lb and honest about being a 10.8-volt machine. And if you only ever do the stairs, a handheld is the right shape — just not the whole answer.

Common questions

What is the best vacuum for stairs?

On published specifications, the Eureka Whirlwind NEN110A canister: its 8.2 lb body stays on the stairs while you hold only a telescoping metal wand, and it still publishes 960 watts and a 2.5-liter bin for the rest of the house. For an upright that converts, the Shark ZD201's Lift-Away pod detaches so you carry the motor and bin rather than the frame.

Is a canister or an upright better for stairs?

A canister, clearly, on the published designs. The whole point of a canister is that the heavy part stays on the floor and only a wand goes in your hand. An upright gives you no way to set any of it down unless it publishes a detachable pod — which on this page means Shark's Lift-Away models.

Is a cordless vacuum better for stairs?

Usually yes, and not because of the battery. Stairs are a short job that no cordless machine here would run out on; what cordless removes is the cord you would otherwise be routing up a flight while balancing a machine. Corded still wins if the stairs are part of a longer clean, because the published motor figures are three to five times higher.

Is a handheld vacuum enough for stairs?

For a tread or two, yes. For a full flight, the published figures argue against it: the Shark CH951 states 10 minutes of runtime against a 240-minute charge, and its listed dust cup figure is very small. A handheld is the right shape for stairs and the wrong capacity, which is why the better answers here are canisters and detachable pods.

Does vacuum weight matter more on stairs?

More than anywhere else, but read it correctly — what matters is carried weight, not machine weight. A canister publishes 8.2 lb and you hold a wand. An upright publishes 7.7 lb and you hold all of it on every step. Those two numbers look comparable and describe completely different experiences.

What tool should I use on stair treads?

A narrow powered or crevice tool rather than a full-width floor head, because a stair tread is usually narrower than an upright's cleaning path. Every machine on this page publishes some above-floor tooling; the canister and the Lift-Away uprights are the ones designed around using it.

Sources

  • Manufacturer-published specifications — Every runtime, wattage, capacity, weight, filtration and warranty figure quoted on this page is the manufacturer's own published number for that model, retrieved September 1, 2026. Where a manufacturer publishes no figure, the page says 'Not published' rather than estimating one.
  • Sweep & Suction — How We Pick — Our published method, including the scoring rubric, the three-year running-cost formula and an explicit statement of what published specifications cannot tell you.